CIDUM

• Suicide, the killing of one's self

Familial killing terms:

• Avunculicide, the killing of one's uncle
• Filicide, the killing of one's child
• Mariticide, the killing of one's husband
• Matricide, the killing of one's mother
• Nepoticide, the killing of one's nephew
• Parricide, the killing of one's parents or another close relative
• Patricide, the killing of one's father
• Prolicide, is the killing of one's offspring
• Sororicide, the killing of one's sister
• Uxoricide, the killing of one's wife

Non-familial killing terms from the same root:

• Deicide is the killing of a god
• Ecocide is the killing of the ecology of planet Earth
• Genocide is the killing of a large group of people, usually a specific and entire ethnic, racial, religious or national group
• Genucide is the killing of the human species by the human species
• Homicide is the killing of any human
• Infanticide, the killing of an infant from birth to 12 months
• Regicide is the killing of a monarch (king or ruler)
• Speciacide is a term for the potential mass suicide of the human species by overpopulation or global warming
• Tyrannicide is the killing of a tyrant

Global positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a constellation of up to32 satellites that orbit at a height of 26,600km above Earth. The satellites are owned by the US Department of Defense, but anyone can use the signals from those satellites, provided they have a receiver. For the receiver to work, it needs to be able to "see" four of the satellites. When you turn on your receiver, it may take a minute or so to locate these satellite signals, then to download data from the satellite before positioning can commence.

Fundamentally, two things need to happen for this to work effectively:

1) The GPS receiver measures the distance from itself to a satellite by measuring the time a signal takes to travel that distance at the speed of light.

2) When the satellite's position is known, the GPS receiver knows it must lie on a sphere that has the radius of this measured distance with the satellite at its centre. The receiver need only intersect three such spheres, as seen in the image below. This process, known as trilateration, is an effective means of determining absolute or relative locations. But there's a problem. Although the GPS satellites have veryexpensive atomic clocks on board – and therefore know what time their signals are transmitted – the GPS receiver has a very cheap clock. That means there is uncertainty about the "receive" time. So, instead of three satellites, the GPS receiver must receive four, so it can account for what's known as the receiver clock drift.

RAJU NARAYANA SWAMY IAS

**Mr.NARAYANASWAMY**

First Rank in State in Secondary School Examination
First Rank in University in Plus Two
First Rank in IIT Entrance Examination
First Rank in All India IIT Computer Science
First Rank in IAS Entrance Examination
First Rank in IAS Training Institute

On passing out from IIT Chennai Mr. Narayanaswamy was offered scholarship by the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology , USA .. He who came from a middle class family believed that he had a moral obligation to give something in return for the lakhs of rupees the government spent on him as an IIT student. He had the intelligence and conviction to realize that this money came also from the poorest of the poor - who pay up the excise duty on textiles when they buy cloth, who pay up customs, excise and sales tax on diesel when they travel in a bus, and in numerous other ways indirectly pay the government. So he decided to join IAS hoping he could do something for the people of this country. How many young men have the will power to resist such an offer from USA ? Narayanaswamy did never look at IAS as a black money spinner as his later life bears testimony to this fact.


After a decade of meritorious service in IAS, today, Narayanaswamy is being forced out of the IAS profession. Do you know why?

A real estate agent wanted to fill up a paddy field which is banned under law. An application came up before Narayanaswamy who was sub collector the, for an exemption from this rule for this plot of land. Upon visiting the site he found that the complaint from 60 poor families that they will face water logging due to the waste water from a nearby Government Medical College if this paddy field was filled up was correct. Narayanswamy came under intense political pressure but he did what was right - refused permission for filling up the paddy field. That was his first confrontation with politicians.

Soon after his marriage his father-in-law closed down a public road to build compound wall for his plot of land. People approached Narayanaswamy with complaint.

When talking with his own father-in-law did not help, he removed the obstructing wall with police help. The result, his marriage broke up.

As district Collector he raided the house of a liquor baron who had defaulted Rupees 11 crores payment to government and carried out revenue recovery. A Minister directly telephoned him and ordered to return the forfeited articles to the house of the liquor baron. Narayanswamy politely replied that it is difficult. The minister replied that Narayanaswamy will suffer.


In his district it was a practice to collect crores of rupees for earthen bunds meant for poor farmers, but which were never constructed. A bill for rupees 8 crores came up before Narayanaswamy. He inspected the bund. He found it very weak and said that he will pass the bill after the rainy season to ensure that the bund served the purpose. As expected the earthen bund was too weak to stand the rain and it disappeared in the rain. But he created a lot of enemies for saving 8 crores public money. The net result of all such unholy activities was that he was asked to go on leave by the government. Later such an illustrious officer was posted as "State Co-Ordinator, Quality Improvement Programme for Schools". This is what the politician will do to a honest officer with backbone - post him in the most powerless position to teach him a lesson. Since he found that nothing can be achieved for the people if he continued with the State Service he opted for central service. But that too was denied on some technical ground.


What will you do when you have a brilliant computer career anywhere in the world you choose with the backing of several advanced technical papers too published in international journals to your credit?


When you are powerless to do anything for the people, why should you waste your life as the Co-Ordinator for a Schools Programme?


Mr. Narayanaswamy is on the verge of leaving IAS to go to Paris to take up a well paid United Nations assignment. The politicians can laugh thinking another obstacle has been removed. But it is the helpless people of this country who will lose - not Narayanaswamy. But you have the power to support capable and honest bureaucra ts like Narayaswamy, G.R.Khairnar and Alphons Kannamthanam who have suffered a lot under self seeking politicians who rule us. You have even the power to replace such politicians with these kind of people dedicated to the country.

Source:
http://www.indianexp...officer/214374/

http://forums.sulekh...naswamy-ias.htm

http://www.citehr.co...plz-read-4.html 

father of all subjects

Bacteriology	Robert Koch, Ferdinand Cohn, Louis Pasteur[1] (founders) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[2]	For their studies and scientific findings on bacteria and algae. First to produce precise, correct descriptions of bacteria.
Biogeography	Alfred Russel Wallace[3]	Wallace shows the impact of human activity on the natural world.
Biology[4]	Aristotle[5]
Entomology	Jan Swammerdam (founder)[6] Johan Christian Fabricius[7] William Kirby[8]	(Fabricius): Described and published information on over 10,000 insects, and refined Linnaeus's system of classification.
Evolution	Charles Darwin[9][10][11]	Publication: On the Origin of Species
Genetics	Gregor Mendel[12] William Bateson (founder)[13]	For his study of the inheritance of traits in pea plants, which forms the basis for Mendelian inheritance. Proponent of Mendelism.
Ichthyology	Peter Artedi[14]
Lichenology	Erik Acharius[15]
Microbiology	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[16]	The first to microscopically observe micro-organisms in water and the first to see bacteria
Molecular biology	Linus Pauling[17]
Molecular biophysics	Gopalasamudram Narayana Iyer Ramachandran[18]	Founded the Molecular Biophysics Unit (1970)
Natural selection	Charles Darwin[19][20][21]	Publication: On the Origin of Species
Neuroscience	Santiago Ramón y Cajal[22] (founder)	For his formation of neuron doctrine
Paleontology	George Cuvier[23]
Protozoology	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek[2]	First to produce precise, correct descriptions of protozoa.
Taxonomy	Carolus Linnaeus [24](founder)	Naming of living organisms that became universally accepted in the scientific world
Toxicology	Paracelsus[25]
Virology	Martinus Beijerinck[26] (founder)	His studies of agricultural microbiology and industrial microbiology yielded fundamental discoveries in the field of biology

[edit] Chemistry

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Atomic theory (early)	Democritus[27]	Founder of atomism in cosmology
Atomic theory (modern)	Father Roger Boscovich[28] John Dalton[29]	First coherent description of atomic theory, well over a century before modern atomic theory emerged First scientific description of the atom as a building block for more complex structures
Chemical thermodynamics (modern)	Gilbert Lewis, Willard Gibbs, Merle Randall, and Edward Guggenheim (founders)[30]	Books: Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances (1923) and Modern Thermodynamics by the Methods of Willard Gibbs (1933); because of the major contributions of these two books in unifying the applications of thermodynamics to chemistry
Chemistry (early)	Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)[31][32][33][34]	Introduced the experimental method in alchemy (d. 815)
Chemistry (modern)	Antoine Lavoisier[35] Robert Boyle[35] Jöns Berzelius[36][37] John Dalton[35] (founders)	Book: Elements of Chemistry (1787) Book: The Sceptical Chymist (1661) Development of chemical nomenclature (1800s) Revival of atomic theory (1803)
Nuclear chemistry	Otto Hahn[38]	Book: Applied Radiochemistry (1936) First person to split an atomic nucleus (1938) Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery of nuclear fission (1944)
Periodic table	Dmitri Mendeleev[39]	Arranged sixty-six elements (known at the time) in order of atomic weight by periodic intervals (1869)
Physical chemistry	Svante Arrhenius[40] Wilhelm Ostwald[41] Hermann von Helmholtz Willard Gibbs(founders)[42]	Devised much of the theoretical foundation for physical chemistry through their publications off, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances(1876), and Thermodynamik chemischer Vorgange(1882)

[edit] Earth sciences

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Geochemistry (modern)	Victor Goldschmidt	For developing the Goldschmidt classification of elements.
Geodesy	Eratosthenes[43]
Geology (modern)	Father Nicholas Steno[44] James Hutton[45]	For setting down most of the principles of modern geology. For formulating uniformitarianism and the Plutonic theoryof thought.
Limnology (modern)	G. Evelyn Hutchinson[46]
Mathematical geography	Eratosthenes (founder)[47]
Mineralogy	Georgius Agricola[48]
Meteorology	Matthew Fontaine Maury[49]
Plate tectonics	Alfred Wegener
Acoustical oceanography[50]	Leonid Brekhovskikh
Naval oceanography (modern)	Matthew Fontaine Maury[49]
Stratigraphy	Father Nicholas Steno[44]

[edit] Medicine and physiology

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Audiology	Raymond Carhart[51][52]
Cognitive therapy	Aaron T. Beck[53]
Emergency medicine	Peter Safar[54][55] Frank Pantridge[56]	Safar: Pioneered CPR, intensive-care units, developed standards for EMT, ambulance design and equipment.
Fitness	Jack LaLanne[57]
Gynaecology	J. Marion Sims[58][59]
Human anatomy (modern)	Vesalius[60]	Book: De humani corporis fabrica (1543)
Medical genetics	Victor McKusick[61]	Created Mendelian Inheritance in Man
Medicine (early)	Imhotep[62][63] Charaka[64]	Wrote the first medical treatise, the Edwin Smith papyrus. Wrote the Charaka Samhitā and founded the Ayurveda system of medicine.
Medicine (modern)	Hippocrates[5][65][66][67]	Prescribed practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Oath, establishing the profession.
Modern dentistry	Pierre Fauchard[68]
Modern nutrition	Justus von Liebig[69]Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier[70]
Modern psychology	Wilhelm Wundt[71]	Founded the first laboratory for psychological research.
Nursing (modern)	Florence Nightingale[72]
Organ transplantation	Thomas Starzl[73]	Performed the first human liver transplant and established the clinical utility of anti-rejection drugs includingciclosporin. Developed major advances in organ preservation, procurement, and transplantation.
Pediatrics	Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes)[74]	Wrote The Diseases of Children, the first book to deal with pediatrics as an independent field
Physiology	Claude Bernard[75]	Publication: An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (1865)
Physical culture	Bernarr Macfadden[76]
Plastic surgery	Sushruta[77][78]	Wrote the Sushruta Samhita
Psychoanalysis	Sigmund Freud[79]
Psychophysics	Gustav Fechner[80]	Founded the discipline of psychophysics in his Elements of Psychophysics (1860)
Space medicine	Hubertus Strughold[81]
Surgery (early)	Sushruta[77][78]	Wrote the Sushruta Samhita, the first surgical treatise
Surgery (modern) See also: Father of modern surgery	Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)[82] Guy de Chauliac[83] Ambroise Paré[84] John Hunter[85][86] Joseph Lister[87][88] William Stewart Halsted[89]	Publication: Kitab al-Tasrif (1000). Publication: Chirurgia magna. Leader in surgical techniques, especially the treatment of wounds. Experimental, scientific approach to surgery. Use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic. Introduction of residency system to the U.S.

[edit] Physics and astronomy

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Acoustics	Ernst Chladni[90]	For important research in vibrating plates
Aerodynamics	Nikolai Zhukovsky George Cayley[91]	Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow, was the first engineer scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift. Cayley Investigated theoretical aspects of flight and experimented with flight a century before the first airplane was built
Classical mechanics	Isaac Newton (founder)[92]	Described laws of motion and law of gravity in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
Electricity	William Gilbert[93] Michael Faraday[citation needed] Thomas Edison[94] Nikola Tesla[citation needed]	Book: De Magnete (1600) Discovered electromagnetic induction (1831) Proposed a kite experiment to prove that lightning is electricity (1750) Invented many electrical devices, such as the carbon microphone Invented alternating current and many other electrical devices
Electrodynamics	André-Marie Ampère[95]	Book: Memoir on the Mathematical Theory of Electrodynamic Phenomena, Uniquely Deduced from Experience (1827)
Energetics	Willard Gibbs[96]	Publication: On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances (1876)
Experimental physics (founder)	Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[97][98]	For introducing experimental method into physics with his Book of Optics (1021)
Modern astronomy	Nicolaus Copernicus[99]	Developed the first explicit heliocentric model in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543)
Modern physics	Galileo Galilei[100]	His development and extensive use of experimental physics, e.g. the telescope
Nuclear physics	Ernest Rutherford[101]	Developed the Rutherford atom model (1909)
Nuclear science	Marie Curie Pierre Curie[102]
Optics	Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[103]	Correctly explained vision and carried out the first experiments on light and optics in the Book of Optics (1021).
Quantum mechanics	Max Planck (founder)[104]	Stated that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form
Relativity	Albert Einstein (founder)[105]	Pioneered special relativity (1905) and general relativity (1915)
Spaceflight (rocketry)	Robert Hutchings Goddard Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Hermann Oberth	Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. Tsiolkovsky created the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.
Thermodynamics	Sadi Carnot (founder)[106]	Publication: On the Motive Power of Fire and Machines Fitted to Develop that Power (1824)

[edit] Formal sciences

[edit] Mathematics

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Algebra See also Father of Algebra Brahmagupta	Brahmagupta Al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi)[107][108] Diophantus[109][110]	Full exposition of solving quadratic equations in his Al-Jabr and recognized algebra as an independent discipline. First use of symbolism (syncopation) in his Arithmetica.
Algebraic topology	Henri Poincaré[111]	Published Analysis Situs in 1895,[112] introducing the concepts of homotopy and homology, which are now considered part of algebraic topology.
Analysis	Augustin-Louis Cauchy[113] Karl Weierstrass[114]
Analytic geometry	René Descartes Pierre de Fermat[115](founders)	For their independent invention of the Cartesian Coordinate System
Calculus	Isaac Newton[116] Gottfried Leibniz	See Leibniz and Newton calculus controversy.
Classical analysis	Madhava of Sangamagrama[117]	Developed Taylor series expansions of trigonometric functions
Computer science	George Boole Alan Turing	Invented Boolean logic, which is the basis of modern digital computer logic Provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the Turing machine.
Descriptive geometry	Gaspard Monge[118] (founder)	Developed a graphical protocol which creates three-dimensional virtual space on a two-dimensional plane
Fractal geometry	Benoît B. Mandelbrot
Geometry	Euclid[119]	Euclid's Elements deduced the principles of Euclidean geometry from a set of axioms.
Graph Theory	Leonhard Euler[120]	See Seven Bridges of Königsberg
Italian school of algebraic geometry	Corrado Segre[121]	Publications and students developing algebraic geometry
Non-Euclidean geometry	János Bolyai, Nikolai Lobachevsky[122](founders)	Independent development of hyperbolic geometry in which Euclid's fifth postulate is not true
Number theory	Pythagoras[123]
Probability	Gerolamo Cardano, Pierre de Fermat, Blaise Pascal, Christiaan Huygens[124] (founders)	Fermat and Pascal co-founded probability theory, about which Huygens wrote the first book
Projective geometry	Gérard Desargues[125](founder)	By generalizing the use of vanishing points to include the case when these are infinitely far away
Tensor calculus	Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro[126] (founder)	Book: The Absolute Differential Calculus
Trigonometry	Aryabhata Hipparchus[127][128]	Constructed the first trigonometric table.
Vector algebra, vector calculus	Willard Gibbs[42] Oliver Heaviside[129] (founders)	For their development and use of vectors in algebra and calculus

[edit] Systems theory

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Chaos theory	Henri Poincaré[130] Edward Lorenz[131]	Lorenz attractor
Cybernetics	Norbert Wiener[132]	Book Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. 1948.
Dynamic programming	Richard E. Bellman
Fuzzy logic	Lotfi Asker Zadeh
Information theory	Claude Shannon[133]	Article: A Mathematical Theory of Communication (1948)
Optimal control	Arthur E. Bryson[134]	Book: Applied Optimal Control[135]
Robust control	George Zames[citation needed]	Small gain theorem and H infinity control.
Stability theory	Alexander Lyapunov[citation needed]	Lyapunov function
System dynamics	Jay Wright Forrester[136]	Book: Industrial dynamics (1961)

[edit] Social sciences

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Anthropology	Herodotus[137] Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[138][139]
Demography	Ibn Khaldun[140]	Muqaddimah (Prolegomena) (1377)
Egyptology	Father Athanasius Kircher[141]Jean-François Champollion[citation needed]	First to identify the phoenetic importance of the hieroglyph, and he demonstrated Coptic as a vestige of early Egyptian, before the Rosetta stone's discovery. Translated parts of the Rosetta Stone.
Indology	Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī[139]	Wrote the Indica
International law	Francisco de Vitoria (ca 1483-1546)[142]Hugo Grotius (1583-1645)[143]
Linguistics (early)	Panini	Wrote the first descriptive grammar (of Sanskrit)
Linguistics (modern)	Ferdinand de SaussureNoam Chomsky
Political science (modern)	Niccolò Machiavelli[144]	Discussion of and concern with how people actually behave, as opposed to how people should behave.
Sociology	Ibn Khaldun[140][145] Adam Ferguson[146] Auguste Comte[147] Marquis de Condorcet (founder)[148]	Wrote the first sociological book, the Muqaddimah (Prolegomena). "Father of modern sociology" Introduced the scientific method into sociology.

[edit] Economics

[edit] Fields

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Economics (early)	Ibn Khaldun[149] Chanakya / Kautilya[150]	Publication: Muqaddimah (1370) Publication: Arthashastra (400 BCE - 200 CE)
Economics (modern)	Richard Cantillon[151] Anders Chydenius[152] Adam Smith[153]	First specific treatise on economics First published a pamphlet called The National Gain included idea about free trade 1765[154] Publication: The Wealth of Nations (1776)
Evolutionary economics, ecological economics, thermoeconomicsand bioeconomics	Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen[155][156][157][158][159]	Published: The Entropy Law and the Economic Process (1971)[160]
Mathematical economics	Daniel Bernoulli	Forerunner of the Tableau économique[161]
Monetary economics	Nicole Oresme (ca. 1322 - 1382)[162]Irving Fisher (1867-1947)[163] Milton Friedman (1912-2006)[164]	Oresme wrote De Moneta
Microcredit	Muhammad Yunus[165]	Founded Grameen Bank
Personnel economics	Edward Lazear	Published the first paper in the field.

[edit] Schools of thought

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Austrian School	Carl Menger[166]
Communism	Karl Marx Friedrich Engels David Ricardo[167]
School of Salamanca	Francisco de Vitoria[168]	Highly influential teacher and lecturer on commercial morality

[edit] Theories

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Expectations theory	Thomas Cardinal Cajetan[169]	Recognised the effect of market expectations on the value ofmoney
Modern portfolio theory	Harry Markowitz[170]
Social choice theory	Kenneth Arrow	Created the field with his 1951 book, Social Choice and Individual Values

[edit] Other

Subject	Father/mother of …	Reason
Modern science	Democritus[171] Galileo Galilei[172][173]	For systemic use of experimentation in science and contributions to scientific method, physics and observational astronomy
Scientific method	Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)[174][175] Francis Bacon[176]	Alhazen developed rigorous experimental methods of controlled scientific testing to verify theoretical hypotheses and substantiate inductive conjectures.Developed Baconian method in his Novum Organum (1620).
Family and consumer science	Ellen Swallow Richards	Founded the American Association of Home Economics, currently the American Association of Family & Consumer Sciences. "Bringing science into the home, Richards hoped to "attain the best physical, mental, and moral development" for the family, which she believed was the basic unit of civilization."